The present paper uses documentary and comparative methods to explain the local management model in the light of Iran’s 20-Year Perspective Plan and in relation to the status of this issue in that instrument. After enumerating criteria resulting from the above study, various stages have been completed to answer the main question of the research which is about duties of municipalities across Iran in an optimal state as the main authorities in charge of local management. In this regard, information obtained through interviewing experts has been analyzed and findings have been presented as a list of “duties of Iranian municipalities in an optimal state”.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The central issue of the present paper is the study of the causes of the mother tongue decline in the Sahne city in Kermanshah province. The issue of language is beyond the dialect of people and is refer to the form of life and the matter of macroeconomic and political relations. From this perspective, the form of life and the language associated with it explain the praxis of the members of the society. The appropriate method of examining the problem should be able to analyze the justification of agents to their situation, that is why Grounded Theory is chosen as the method of this research and data analysis is taken from abduction reasoning. The results of the analysis introduced the categories of globalizing, modernizing, de-use of language, economic necessity and the government as the most important factors of local language fading. In this essay the meaning of globalization is the globalizing of special type of economic relation that explain other categories role in the process of fading of languages.

The local press does not have the power to compete against the national press for various reasons, including the inability to provide the content required by the audience. The purpose of this study is to design a content quality management model in local Iranian newspapers to improve their content. This applied research was conducted with a qualitative-exploratory approach. The research community has included professors, experts, and activists in the field of local newspapers, among whom the number of 12 people continued to reach theoretical saturation through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The analysis was done through the foundation data method through Strauss and Corbin coding in three open, central, and selective levels in the Maxqda 2020 software. Then the concepts were presented in the form of a paradigmatic model (causal conditions, central phenomenon, strategies, background conditions, intervention, and consequences) and its validity and reliability were also confirmed based on the three-tier method. The results showed that the content of the local press can be effective in attracting the audience. In this way, the local newspapers of Iran need to innovate in the way of writing, control, monitoring, and correct targeting, paying attention to the current issues of the society, etc. increase society's thoughts.

Iran's local press is in danger of being shut down due to the lack of content quality management strategy and declining circulation. The purpose of this study is to present content quality management strategies in local Iranian newspapers. Based on the purpose and nature, this research work is a qualitative in terms of method. The research method is data based, and the statistical community, includes experts in the field of media, journalism and content quality management. The sample size, consists of 12 people and up to the data saturation. After collecting the data, three-stages of open, axial and selective coding were carried out and the data was analyzed by MAXQDA software. The results showed that background conditions (government supportive policies), causal conditions (graphics and layout), central factor (preferring well documented and printed newspapers), intervening conditions (commercials, as income source) to strategies and actions such as training courses, financial support and paying attention to local issues are needed to lead to results such as content production and audience attraction. Attracting the audience can help local publications earn money, although government financial support is also important in this strategy. In this strategy, taking into account the intervening and contextual factors, attention has been paid to local issues in content production.